From a performance standpoint, citrulline malate has long been a staple of pre-workout science and supplementation.

We chose citrulline malate over L-arginine due to its better absorption tendencies, higher plasma arginine levels, and because its been found to:

• Improve strength, aerobic performance, and muscle endurance [1,2]
• Be at least twice as effective as L-arginine supplementation at raising nitric oxide [3]
• Participate in the Krebs Cycle and enhance creatine re-activation between sets (malate in citrulline malate) [4]
• Enhance the use of branch chain amino acids like leucine during exercise [5]*

PreSeries LEAN contains 6,000 mg (6 grams) of citrulline malate per serving.

The "2:1:1" refers to the ratio of leucine, isoleucine, and valine (in that order). So, for every 1,250 mg of leucine, there are 625 mg of isoleucine and 625 mg valine. 

Leucine

Leucine is the first branched-chain amino acid and is considered to be the most anabolic amino acid and is known for its strong activation of mTOR, the gene responsible for protein synthesis.

• Leucine has been found to significantly increase strength during workouts [26].
• Metabolites of leucine have been found to prevent muscle degradation and preserve lean mass [27].

PreSeries BULK contains 1,250 mg of leucine per serving.

Isoleucine

Isoleucine is one of the three branched-chain amino acids, which aids metabolism during workout, promotes muscle growth, and executes anti-catabolism effects [48, 49, 50].

PreSeries BULK contains 625 mg of isoleucine per serving.

Valine

Valine, the third branched-chain amino acid, is essential in pre-workout supplementation due to its involvement in metabolism and muscle growth. It also helps to reduce tryptophan build up in the brain during workouts. This allows for greater energy and endurance while working out.

PreSeries BULK contains 625 mg of valine per serving.

Supplementing with beta-alanine has been proven to increase cellular carnosine levels, which are quickly depleted during intense workouts and physical exertion. [28, 29]

A growing majority of pre-workout supplements contain beta-alanine, but at significantly underdosed levels.

Supplementing with proper dosing, as found in PreSeries LEAN, is shown to:

• Delay the onset of neuromuscular fatigue in men and women during intense exercise [30]
• Provide a tingling sensation, which can be more aggressive (depending on tolerance), which is is normal and safe [33]
• Reduce and combat the formation of altered proteins and promote the formation of healthy proteins [31]
• Significantly increase lean mass and decrease fat in wrestlers [32]

Recently, clinical studies have shown that supplementing with betaine can trigger a significant muscle growth response. This response is independent of testosterone and is significantly advantageous alongside typical supplementation protocols.

Betaine supplementation has also been shown to:

• Reduce fatigue when taken before and during weight training [34, 35].
• Enhance phosphocreatine replenishment between sets when creatine is taken daily [36]*. 
• Increases total repetitions and volume on the bench press exercise versus placebo [37].
• In a recent study, betaine was found to significantly increase IGF-1, while decreasing cortisol in bodybuilding men [38].

PreSeries LEAN contains 1,500 mg of betaine anhydrous per serving.

*(PreSeries LEAN does not contain any form of creatine, as caffeine negates its absorption when taken in synchrony)

L-Carnitine is a quaternary ammonium compound (“quat”) naturally present in red meat and plays an essential role as a molecular chaperone in the body, specifically for transporting fatty acids into mitochondria so they can be burned for energy. Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) is a modified (acetylated) form of L-carnitine that readily traverses the blood-brain barrier, thereby conferring nootropic effects (in addition toits fat-burning benefits). This makes ALCAR the ideal supplement to use before you hit the gym or any other time of day you want to be more focused and productive.

Choline supplementation aids in regular intense training by maintaining acetylcholine levels for neural signaling, as well as participating in the BMHT pathway to covert homocysteine to methionine during prolonged sessions [41].

PreSeries BULK contains 500 mg of Choline Bitartrate per serving.

L-Theanine is an amino acid used by the body. When combined with caffeine, L-theanine demonstrates many benefits for athletes, like:

Caffeine, along with many of the complimenting stimulants and focus-enhancing ingredients in PreSeries LEAN are clinically proven to reduce the sensation of effort. Approximately 180 mg of caffeine has been found and confirmed to significantly increase repetitions to failure and readiness to invest effort in athletes [7, 8].

Moderate doses of caffeine have also been found to not negatively interfere with natural thermoregulation like higher (300 mg+) caffeine-infused pre workouts do [9].

Theobromine is the primary alkaloid found in cocoa beans, and is essentially the “little brother” of caffeine. Its functions in the body are suggested to be complementary to those of caffeine, acting as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor and central nervous system stimulant. Research has also found that theobromine has differential contributions to mood and cognitive function when compared to caffeine, providing further insight into the distinct, yet synergistic nature of these naturally occurring stimulants.

PreSeries LEAN contains 50 mg of Theobromine per serving.

Infinergy™ is a trademarked caffeine salt of malic acid (dicaffeine malate) that was created to prolong the ergogenic effects of caffeine. Rather than the abbreviated “high” and subsequent crash people often experience after drinking a large cup of coffee, Infinergy™ provides a smoother and longer-lasting increase in mental performance and thermogenesis, all without the jitters and crashing from ordinary caffeine.

PreSeries LEAN contains 40 mg of Infinergy™ (Dicaffeine Malate) per serving.

Bioperine is an extract obtained from the black pepper fruit. In its patented form, BioPerine has been clinically tested (in the United States) to significantly enhance the bioavailability of various supplement nutrients through increased absorption. 

PreSeries LEAN contains 5 mg of BioPerine per serving.

Iodine (as Iodine Chelate)

Iodine is the primary mineral required in the thyroid's production of metabolism fueling thyroid hormones.

PreSeries LEAN contains 225 mcg of Iodine (as Iodine Chelate) per serving.

Zinc (as Zinc AAC)

Zinc supplementation is essential to any aggressive athlete and contributes to a strong immune system, maximal testosterone production, and extensive enzymatic processes.

Sufficient zinc intake supports healthy food cravings, while zinc deficiencies have been associated with lack of hunger [44]. Overwhelming evidence has suggested a relationship between zinc supplementation and maximal testosterone levels in men [45, 46, 47].

PreSeries LEAN contains 30 mg of Zinc (as Zinc AAC) per serving.

Selenium (as L-Selenomethionine)

Selenium supplementation aids metabolism by promoting muscular uptake of carbohydrates which aids individuals with underactive thyroid symptoms [43].

PreSeries LEAN contains 50 mcg of Selenium (as L-Selenomethionine) per serving.

Copper (as Copper AAC)

Copper supplementation is advantageous as a coenzyme for the conversion of iodine to biologically bound iodine.

PreSeries LEAN contains 1 mg of Copper (as Copper AAC)